Chemical Substances
One of the most essential and fundamental infrastructures of every country's industry is the factories related to the production of chemicals. Chemical Substances are a general name for substances with fixed chemical composition and specific characteristics and can be simple, combined, or alloyed from different elements.
Today, most industries require the use of industrial chemicals in the production of their products. Among the industries that use chemicals are the production of detergents and cosmetics, the textile industry, pharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, and steel and iron smelting industries.
Classification of chemical Substances
Chemical Substances are generally divided into two categories: organic and mineral materials, which are very useful in product production.
Organic Chemical Substances
Organic Chemical Substances was obtained from the bodies of living organisms until a German scientist made a discovery. In 1828, German-born Wahler first produced a substance called urea in his laboratory from a compound called isocyanate. He proved to everyone that these organic substances could be made in laboratories. The main structure of organic matter is carbon (C). Of course, other elements may also be found in the structure of some of these materials, including hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and palladium (Pd).
Organic materials are divided into four general categories:
- The first category is simple hydrocarbons: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). These compounds are known by the formula CxHy.
- Oxygenated hydrocarbons are another category of organic substances that are made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). They are represented by the formula CxHyOz.
- Nitrogenous hydrocarbons are also among organic substances and are made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N). The general formula of these compounds is CxHyNt.
- The last category is oxygenated and nitrogenated hydrocarbons. As it is clear from their name, in addition to hydrogen and carbon, they also contain oxygen and nitrogen. These compounds are represented by the formula CxHyOzNt.
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